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Grapes are one of civilization's most transformative fruits, cultivated for at least 8,000 years across the Middle East and Mediterranean. Grown in sprawling vineyards worldwide, they divide broadly into table grapes for eating and wine grapes for fermentation — though the distinction blurs in practice. Over 10,000 varieties exist, ranging from seedless green Thompson grapes to dark, tannic Cabernet Sauvignon. Beyond wine, grapes produce raisins, juice, vinegar, and grape seed oil. Rich in resveratrol, a powerful antioxidant concentrated in red grape skins, they are associated with cardiovascular benefits. Ancient Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans all venerated the grape, weaving it into religion, art, and daily life.